About the instructor: Dr. Ghazala Ali Khan – Additional Director – PASTIC-PSF
What is Research?
Research is a process in looking at solution of a given problem which can be used basis for:
•Knowledge improvement/enhancement
•Create new Knowledge
▶The Central or main Idea of Research!
▶A long piece of writing based on your ideas & research that you did as a part of your degree.
▶It’s a position you are arguing.
To Tell the reader what your research is about and use my work as guide for future research.
But before One come to the Solution:
•It should be backup with Observed /experimental Data which requires the proper process of research
Where does a thesis start?
▶Brain storming,
▶Reading
▶Reading &
▶Reading
Be more specific as u start
Formal Research
•To get a degree (BS/M.Sc., MS/M.Phil, Ph.D)
•In the form of a report/thesis
•The data/statements presented are original
•Avoid maximum plagiarism
So, where to begin & How long should a thesis statement be?
•One sentence
•Begin with Question— the question you are answering with your writing e.g.
what does hot weather play role in agriculture & why it is important?
•For this scholars have to reach books, articles & general reading
•Here Hot weather & Agriculture are symbols or key words
Revise your question based on your reading
what does hot weather play a role in agriculture outcomes & why it is important?
•Before finalizing the statement be assure your self that what u have selected as question, can U be able to justify with your literature in all clear possible ways.
•And be my reader get all the answers in his mind in a clear way.
•If you are not convinced then revise your statement again.
Be clear to answer the questions in statement, support answer with focus examples, with in a creative & thoughtful way.
Formal Research Format
▶Title of the study question
(somehow reflect objective, study area/population, and location)
▶Introduction/background and review of literature
•It should be not more than 10 to 15 pages
•Reflecting the background and depth of the problem in global, regional, and local contests with logical reasoning and references must be cited as per the recommended style by the Institute/university
▶Objectives /Hypothesis
Specific statements that reflect what actually you want to find out from the study
▶Methodology
Study Design, duration, Sample size, Sampling techniques, operation definition, data collection and evaluation/analysis process and plan/techniques
▶Data Collection
Questioner, Sampling, audio/video tools etc.
So Systematic Process is a set of:
●procedures/methodologies/steps (that are developed after decades of research) are followed to achieve the objectives.
●These are considered valuable because they are free from any biases and subjectivity. And we can draw results/conclusions by following these.
What is Research Design?
Research design refers to the overall plan and structure of a research study, including the methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data.
It involves several key elements, such as:
1.Research questions or hypotheses
▶(Extraction of Essential Oil from different Varieties of Miaz / wheat
▶Fatty acids profiling)
2.Selection of Topic (Fatty Acid Profilling of Maiz/wheat etc)
3.Study type (e.g., experimental, survey, case study)
4.Data collection methods (e.g., experimental, interviews, questionnaires, observations)
5. Sampling strategy (e.g., random, snowball, stratified)
Snowball:
▶When Potential Participants are hard to find and start with 1 subject who provides 01 referral and so on) or
▶1st subject recruited to the sample group and provide multiple referrals
▶Subjects give multiple referrals but only 01 recruited among them
Examples:
▶Homeless People / Criminal
▶Use of Medicinal Plants, to cure diseases
▶Data of Local healers / practitioners and their recipes
Stratified Sampling:
This sampling allows researchers to divide particular populations into subgroups called Strata
Example:
Institute….. 03-Subjects…. Take sample from each subject… for analysis
6. Data analysis techniques (e.g., statistical (SPSS/ Statistics 8.1), qualitative (comparison of two or more selected subjects l)
7. Research ethics considerations A well-crafted research design helps ensure that the study is conducted in a logical, systematic, and unbiased manner, and that the results are valid and reliable.
Types of Research Design
There are several types of research designs, including:
1. Experimental Design:
Involves manipulating one or more variables and measuring their effect on a dependent variable.
2. Case Study Design:
In-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases.
Three basic reasons to choose Case Study Design;
1.When you have to answer why and how
2.When not able to manipulate variable and individual behaviors
3.Want to explore a particular Situation & in-depth finding
Example:
▶How Moral Education Affects Students Attitudes
▶How Slang Words Effect Society and Langue
3. Survey Research Design:
▶Involves collecting data through self-report measures such as questionnaires or interviews.
▶Its non-experimental Research
▶Or a part of experimental research
Example:
▶Collect info from a group of population with different Subjects (Hospital, Cancer, Types of Cancer, Gender, stage of disease, etc.
Fields where Research Design Used
These research designs can be used in various fields including;
▶Basic Science
▶Social sciences,
▶Education, healthcare,
▶Business
Systematic Process:
Knowledge / Information is normally based on;
●Beliefs, Intuitions & Opinions
▶Believing something does not make the knowledge true
▶A strong belief can also be turned false
If someone has an opposing belief than how can we decide Who is right and who is wrong??
In this case: A systematic Process is the best way to create knowledge
Research is a systematic and structured process of investigation and inquiry
•Aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising knowledge or information.
Research involves:
1.Identifying a research question or problem
2.Conducting a literature review to understand existing knowledge
3.Designing a methodology to collect and analyze data
4.Collecting and analyzing data
5.Drawing conclusions and making recommendations
Also read: Introduction to Research 1st Lecture Slide by Dr. Ghazala Ali Khan
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