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Author: Sahibzada Izhar Hussain Bacha The quest for clean, sustainable, and abundant energy has led scientists and engineers down many paths. Among them, nuclear fusion stands out as a particularly…
Author: Dr. Hajira Mahmood Nanotechnology, a field that deals with manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale, is revolutionizing medicine—especially drug delivery systems. By utilizing nanoparticles, scientists are now…
Medicinal chemistry is a branch of science that combines chemistry, biology, and pharmacology to design and develop drugs that prevent or treat diseases. By understanding the interaction between drugs and…
Author: Sana Noor Quantum mechanics often considered as the odd enigmatic branch of physics that explains the behavior of very small particles (microscopic scale) like atoms and subatomic particles (electrons,…
Author: Muhammad Sani The Earth is around 4.5 billion years old. It formed from cosmic dust and gas in the early solar system. Scientists use theories, fossils, and geological evidence…
Author: Fania Rashid Thermodynamics is a fundamental branch of science that governs the behavior of energy transfer and transformation. From the engines that power our vehicles to the way our…
Author: Shumaila Anam Introduction Computers have revolutionized the field of chemistry, making research faster, more accurate, and highly efficient. From drug discovery to environmental studies, they play a crucial role…
Author: Sidra Nazir Nuclear chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on the reactions and transformations occurring within atomic nuclei. It plays a crucial role in various scientific and…
Author: Maham Iqbal Introduction Understanding chemical bonding is essential in chemistry, and two key theories explain how atoms form stable molecules: hybridization and molecular orbital theory. These concepts describe how…
Author: Sahibzada Izhar Hussain Bacha Applications of Plasma Physics in Material Science: From Surface Modifications to Nanostructure Engineering. Plasma physics has emerged as a crucial component of material science, providing…