Chaos That Drives Chemistry: Understanding Entropy & Spontaneity in Reactions
Author: Sidra Nazir In the grand orchestra of chemistry, every reaction plays a part in the vast symphony of matter transformation. Some reactions seem eager to proceed, while others require…
Polysaccharides in Biology: Roles of Cellulose, Starch, and Chitosan
Author: Izma Khan Introduction Polysaccharide Polysaccharide, also known as glycan, is a long chain of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages. Polysaccharides can be a straight chain of monosaccharides,…
Proteins: The Ultimate Natural Biopolymer
Author: Izma Khan Introduction Protein-based biopolymers are natural polymers derived from the proteins of plants, animals, and microorganisms. They have excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and processability properties and are suitable for…
Unlocking The Secrets of Molecular Interactions: Inductive Effect, Resonance, & Aromaticity
Author: Rimsha Nazir Introduction Organic chemistry is all about understanding how electrons move and interact within molecules. Three key concepts—resonance, inductive effects, and aromaticity—play a crucial role in determining molecular…
Understanding Drug-Receptor Binding Forces: Covalent, Hydrogen Bonding, and Hydrophobic Interactions
Author: Hajira Mahmood Introduction to Drug-Receptor Interactions Drug-receptor interactions are fundamental to pharmacology, determining how medications exert their therapeutic effects. These interactions rely on various binding forces, including covalent bonds,…
Plant Physiology and Growth Mechanisms Explained: How Plants Survive, Thrive, and Sustain Life
Author: Shumaila Anam Introduction Plants are more than just static decorations; they’re dynamic, responsive organisms with intricate systems for growth and survival. Understanding plant physiology (how plants function) and growth…
From Newman to Chair Confirmation: How Molecules Find Their Most Stable Forms
Author: Fizzah Waseem Introduction Understanding molecular conformations is essential in organic chemistry. Two key structural representations—Newman Projections and Cyclohexane Chair Conformations—help visualize molecular stability, steric interactions, and energy variations. In…
How Drugs Work: Drug Action and Molecular Targets
Author: Hajira Mahmood Understanding Drug Action and Molecular Targets Have you ever wondered how medicines work inside the body? Whether it’s painkillers, antibiotics, or chemotherapy drugs, all medications operate by…
Advanced Concepts in Coordination Chemistry: A Deep Dive into Metal Complexes
Author: Sana Noor Introduction Coordination chemistry is a fascinating field that explores the interactions between metal atoms and surrounding molecules, known as ligands. It plays a crucial role in catalysis,…
GC vs. HPLC vs. TLC: Choosing the Right Chromatographic Technique for Industrial Use
Author: Maham Iqbal Introduction Chromatography is a critical analytical technique in industrial settings, enabling the separation, identification, and quantification of chemical compounds in complex mixtures. Three widely used chromatographic techniques…