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Author: Sana Noor Introduction Covalent bonds are the foundation of countless chemical compounds, essential to life and industry. These bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve stability. Unlike ionic…
Author: Fizzah Waseem Introduction In organic chemistry, elimination and substitution reactions often compete, making it essential to understand their differences. Two major elimination reactions, E1 (unimolecular elimination) and E2 (bimolecular…
Author: Izma Khan INTRODUCTION We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children.Chief Seattle’s The negative impacts plastics have on Earth have been discussed…
Author: Sana Noor Chemical Bonding Chemical bonding is the force that holds atoms together to form molecules and compounds. It is central to understanding the behavior of matter and plays…
Author: Shumaila Anam Introduction Imagine soil as a living, breathing city. It’s home to minerals, water, air, and billions of microbes working nonstop to grow our food, clean our water,…
Author: Sahibzada Izhar Hussain Bacha The Dream of Unlimited Energy Imagine a world with limitless, clean, and safe energy. This is the promise of fusion energy, the same process that…
Author: Sahibzada Izhar Hussain Bacha The Hidden Order of the Universe Have you ever noticed how snowflakes, sunflowers, and galaxies show stunning patterns? Symmetry isn’t just beautiful; it helps nature…
Author: Sahibzada Izhar Hussain Bacha The Butterfly Effect: A Tiny Change, A Big Impact Have you ever thought about how a small decision can change your life? This idea is…
Author: Sana Noor The periodic table is one of the most essential tools in chemistry. It organizes all known chemical elements in a structured way, helping scientists understand their properties…